C Programming Data Types

In C, variable(data) should be declared before it can be used in program. Data types are the keywords, which are used for assigning a type to a variable.

Data types in C

1. Fundamental Data Types
   • Integer types
   • Floating Type
   • Character types
2. Derived Data Types
   • Arrays
   • Pointers
   • Structures
   • Enumeration

Syntax for declaration of a variable

data_type variable_name;

Integer data types

Keyword int is used for declaring the variable with integer type. For example:

int var1;

Here, var1 is a variable of type integer.
The size of int is either 2 bytes(In older PC's) or 4 bytes. If you consider an integer having size of 4 byte( equal to 32 bits), it can take 2³² distinct states as: -2³¹,-2³¹+1, ...,-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ..., 2³¹-2, 2³¹-1
Similarly, int of 2 bytes, it can take 2¹⁶ distinct states from -2¹⁵ to 2¹⁵-1. If you try to store larger number than 2³¹-1, i.e,+2147483647 and smaller number than -2³¹, i.e, -2147483648,  program will not run correctly.

Floating types

Variables of floating types can hold real values(numbers) such as: 2.34, -9.382 etc. Keywords either float or double is used for declaring floating type variable. For example:

float var2;
double var3;

Here, both var2 and var3 are floating type variables.
In C, floating values can be represented in exponential form as well. For example:

float var3=22.442e2

Difference between float and double

Generally the size of float(Single precision float data type) is 4 bytes and that of double(Double precision float data type) is 8 bytes. Floating point variables has a precision of 6 digits whereas the the precision of double is 14 digits.

Note: Precision describes the number of significant decimal places that a floating values carries.

Character types

Keyword char is used for declaring the variable of character type. For example:

char var4='h';

Here, var4 is a variable of type character which is storing a character 'h'.
The size of char is 1 byte. The character data type consists of ASCII characters. Each character is given a specific value. For example:

For, 'a', value =97
For, 'b', value=98
For, 'A', value=65
For, '&', value=33
For, '2', value=49

Here is the list of all ASCII characters in C language.

Qualifiers

Qualifiers alters the meaning of base data types to yield a new data type.
Size qualifiers:
Size qualifiers alters the size of basic data type. The keywords long and short are two size qualifiers. For example:

long int i;

The size of int is either 2 bytes or 4 bytes but, when long keyword is used, that variable will be either 4 bytes of 8 bytes. Learn more about long keyword in C programming. If the larger size of  variable is not needed then, short keyword can be used in similar manner as long keyword.
Sign qualifiers:
Whether a variable can hold only positive value or both values is specified by sign qualifiers. Keywords signed and unsigned are used for sign qualifiers.

unsigned int a;
// unsigned variable can hold zero and positive values only 

It is not necessary to define variable using keyword signed because, a variable is signed by default. Sign qualifiers can be applied to only int and char data types. For a int variable of size 4 bytes it can hold data from -2³¹ to 2³¹-1 but, if that variable is defined unsigned, it can hold data from 0 to 2³² -1.
Constant qualifiers
Constant qualifiers can be declared with keyword const. An object declared by const cannot be modified.

const int p=20;

The value of p cannot be changed in the program.
Volatile qualifiers:
A variable should be declared volatile whenever its value can be changed by some external sources outside program. Keyword volatile is used to indicate volatile variable.